Document Type
Review
Version Deposited
Published Version
Publication Date
12-30-2022
Publication Title
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI
10.3390/ijms24010644
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the natural history of multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved dramatically, owing primarily to novel agents targeting MM in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) pathways. However, the mechanisms of resistance acquisition remain a mystery and are poorly understood. Autophagy and apoptosis are tightly controlled processes and play a critical role in the cell growth, development, and survival of MM. Genetic instability and abnormalities are two hallmarks of MM. During MM progression, plasma malignant cells become genetically unstable and activate various signaling pathways, resulting in the overexpression of abnormal proteins that disrupt autophagy and apoptosis biological processes. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the autophagy and apoptosis processes and the proteins that crosslinked both pathways, could provide new insights for the MM treatment and improve the development of novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. This review presents a sufficient overview of the roles of autophagy and apoptosis and how they crosslink and control MM progression and drug resistance. Potential combination targeting of both pathways for improving outcomes in MM patients also has been addressed.
Recommended Citation
Al-Odat, O.S.; Guirguis, D.A.; Schmalbach, N.K.; Yao, G.; Budak-Alpdogan, T.; Jonnalagadda, S.C.; Pandey, M.K. Autophagy and Apoptosis: Current Challenges of Treatment and Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010644
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Comments
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license.