Document Type

Article

Version Deposited

Published Version

Publication Date

1-25-2022

Publication Title

Applied Sciences

DOI

10.3390/app12031260

Abstract

In recent years, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has become an attractive method to recognize and localize plant species in unstructured agricultural environments. However, developed systems suffer from unoptimized combinations of the CNN model, computer hardware, camera configuration, and travel velocity to prevent missed detections. Missed detection occurs if the camera does not capture a plant due to slow inferencing speed or fast travel velocity. Furthermore, modularity was less focused on Machine Vision System (MVS) development. However, having a modular MVS can reduce the effort in development as it will allow scalability and reusability. This study proposes the derived parameter, called overlapping rate (ro), or the ratio of the camera field of view (S) and inferencing speed (fps) to the travel velocity (v⇀) to theoretically predict the plant detection rate (rd) of an MVS and aid in developing a CNN-based vision module. Using performance from existing MVS, the values of ro at different combinations of inferencing speeds (2.4 to 22 fps) and travel velocity (0.1 to 2.5 m/s) at 0.5 m field of view were calculated. The results showed that missed detections occurred when ro was less than 1. Comparing the theoretical detection rate (rd,th) to the simulated detection rate (rd,sim) showed that rd,th had a 20% margin of error in predicting plant detection rate at very low travel distances (<1 >m), but there was no margin of error when travel distance was sufficient to complete a detection pattern cycle (≥10 m). The simulation results also showed that increasing S or having multiple vision modules reduced missed detection by increasing the allowable v⇀max. This number of needed vision modules was equal to rounding up the inverse of ro. Finally, a vision module that utilized SSD MobileNetV1 with an average effective inferencing speed of 16 fps was simulated, developed, and tested. Results showed that the rd,th and rd,sim had no margin of error in predicting ractual of the vision module at the tested travel velocities (0.1 to 0.3 m/s). Thus, the results of this study showed that ro can be used to predict rd and optimize the design of a CNN-based vision-equipped robot for plant detections in agricultural field operations with no margin of error at sufficient travel distance.

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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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